Self-Reliance Of Ralph Waldo Emerson - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 575 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/08/16 Category Literature Essay Level High school Topics: Self Reliance Essay Did you like this example? Nothing is at last sacred but the integrity of your own mind Emerson was a widely known man who established himself as an intellectual and philosophical writer who advocated for social reforms. He was a spokesman who believed that the only thing keeping a person from reaching their full potential was a distorted perception of reality and longing to conform with societys standards. By using intellectual diction to strongly convey his argument to the people, Emerson effectively demonstrates an inimical environment in hopes that people will resist conformity and rely upon themselves. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Self-Reliance Of Ralph Waldo Emerson" essay for you Create order Emerson uses subtle devices in order to display to the people as a whole, that they should trust their own intuition and reject the standards built up by society. In doing so, Emerson is able to express his true feelings. At the end of the day you are your own person and by being anyone but yourself is only going to hold you back from success in the future. In the metaphor, envy is ignorance; that imitation is suicide; that he must take himself for better, for worse. Emerson obligates society to recognize that every individual person is unique. By envying someone elses qualities it causes the downfall of your self destruction. Consequently, the quality of being ignorant enables the mind to lack knowledge and destroys the exhilaration and meaning to your life. In Self Reliance Emerson utilizes word choice to his advantage. He alludes to the fact that, society is a joint-stock company. This quote indicates how people are brought together by different aspects of life like traditions or customs. In a place like this, society has the ability to suppress individuality due to a fear of change. Society can be quick to criticize and uses this instilled fear to enslave the people to its expectations. By having individualism, it brings about form of strength that enables people to think on their own. Part of being self reliant is not allowing society to define you but instead have the ability to create change and opportunity. This quality separates a person from the vast majority of people who rely on the satisfaction of others.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Throughout the essay, Emerson manages to reinforce his main points by providing structure and organization through parallelism. This allows his ideas to become even more memorable. Emerson implies that self reliance not only enables people to rely upon themselves but when used its put into action, it can change every aspect of society in relation to, their religion; in their education; in their pursuits; their modes of living; their association; in their property; in their speculative views. This paradox represents the real world. People want others to accept them, so they change in order to conform to other peoples viewpoints. How can people expect to become a better version of themselves if they are constantly hiding behind their own shadow? Emerson forces us to advocate for ourselves and develop our own culture in which we can provide a foundation of efficiency and productivity in every aspect of our daily lives. In conclusion, Ralph Waldo Emerson emphasizes the importance of indi viduality and the impact it can create on the world around you. He persuades the reader to establish their own path and trust their intuition. His ability to convey proper word choice allows the reader to discover a deeper meaning of the text and realize that non-conformity is a form of strength that only you have the power to control.

A Negative View Of Mental Illness - 1781 Words

When the phrase â€Å"mental illness† is spoken, the immediate thought that pops into the individual’s mind is the extremes such as Schizophrenia, or Bipolar Disorder. However, the majority of mental disorders fall into the spectrum of quite common disorders such as Depression, Anxiety, or Obsessive Compulsion Disorder (OCD). Why should the first thing that people think of be negative? What makes people think this way? Society has a negative view of mental illness because of media portrayal, the attitudes of individuals, and skepticism, and the novel, The Catcher in the Rye, makes a connection to these views of the world. In the novel The Catcher in the Rye, written by J.D. Salinger, the main character Holden Caulfield is clearly disturbed†¦show more content†¦A common symptom of depression is lack of concentration which Holden mentions multiple times throughout the novel (NAMI). â€Å"The trouble was, I couldn’t concentrate too hot - sometimes itâ⠂¬â„¢s hard to concentrate† (169). Another common symptom could be change in movement, referring to pacing, awkward movements, or in Holden’s case, running for no apparent reason. â€Å"I don’t even know what I was running for- I guess I just felt like it† (3). A more general view of Holden’s personality reveals that he is extremely pessimistic about life, which is a general checkbox under â€Å"depression†. Even though depression may seem likely for young Holden, there may be a more suitable option: PTSD. Symptoms of this mental disorder may include dissociation, which is a disconnection from reality, and avoidance, which could include physically or mentally avoiding the subject (NAMI). An example of dissociation from Holden comes from, once again, feeling like he’s going to disappear into the street, â€Å"Then all of a sudden, something very spooky started happening. Every time I came to the end of a block and stepped off the godd am curb, I had this feeling that I’d never get to the other side of the street. I thought I’d just go down, down,down and nobody’d ever see me again† (204). Holden is definitely separated from reality as he is in his own world of illusions and fantasies. An example from avoidance, other than

Strategic Management Competitiveness & Globalization

Question: Discuss about the Strategic Management Competitiveness Globalization. Answer: Introduction Strategic management is a practice by which organizations or other business units with an aim to develop come up with ideas to form their goals and objectives and a way of implementing them for the growth of the organization in both output and input. This practice is continuous and changes as the organization grows and is mainly done by the executives based on the available resources, internal and external surroundings that the organization competes against(Hitt, Hoskisson Ireland, 2017). The process is carried out in five stages and failure of one results to the failure of the organization, these are, goal setting, analysis, policy formation, policy implementation and policy monitoring. Woolworths Limited is a company in Australia that gives take away services to liquor retailers proving to be the giant in the field. In 2016 August, the company happened to be in the news for making a huge loss of $1.235billion and 40% decrease in its basic earnings from its Australian food and gaso line business. Strategic management theoretical concepts Theoretical concepts are a set of ideas that have not been confirmed, they give assumptions to inform questions that human beings ask in any given field. May it be in health, education, and economics among many other fields. In strategic management, theoretical concepts give a view of social construction in that, the external and internal world of organizations is important for its primary and secondary functioning. Some of these theoretical concepts include; institutional theory, resource dependency theory, agency theory and game theory. Institutional theory, this is a concept that has clearly showcased organizations as agents not only seeking to maximize economic prospects but also act within the set social norms and expectations that characterize managerial choice (Bonnafous-Boucher, Rendtorff,2016). The set social rules provide frameworks for an organization to understand other related social institutions and dictate the right code of behavior to fit both the society and the set level of social prescriptions within the organization if taken for granted it becomes hard to change or resist. These are transmitted by the assistances of state, analyst, consultants and other related agencies. Conformity to the prescriptions instead of doing what is expected affects the level of efficiency and other economic problems making the organization face institutional complexity and may result to disagreements thus instability. The theory clearly illustrates that many institutions or rather organizations are not original and ten d to adopt comparable strategies and managerial provisions, this greatly contributes to the lack of effectiveness and efficiency in their daily provision as nothing is unique to make it better than others. Resource dependence theory (RDT), is a concept that gives a view on the importance of external controls of an organization affecting its performances. Involvement of external resources is important in both strategic and tactical management of the business to help achieve its set goals. The theory also has aspects of the process of recruiting staffs in the company, means of production strategies, and extensity of contract structure among others. It suggests that no firm/company that can survive alone without interacting with other relevant firms and personnel in terms of resources, ideas and other relevant abilities to help in the growth of the company. Since not every single firm that can be able to come out with countervailing enterprises for required capitals, they should go to the principal of scarcity and criticality. These are critical resources that an organization cannot function without making it come up with various alternatives to help it acquire the critical product for it s functioning. The theory also gives a view of competition that a firm face with other firms that makes the top management decisions to be made in a way that fits also those who are not leaders. Managers and other leaders understand that the firm's success is tied to customers demand as their performance is reflected when customer outcome is positive, making the customer be the crucial resource on which the organization depends on. Agency theory, this is a perspective that gives an overview of how organizations experience a range of conflicting interest from internal forces with different interests but within same assets. This means disagreements between managers of a company, shareholders, board members and at times even other influenced staff agents. The theory tries to explain that relationship between two core principals of the company and agents is of great importance and in any case, they disagree they should reconcile as it risks the companys performance. It also goes ahead to explain that conflicts arise when liaising parties have dissimilar attitudes towards the risk with different goals with the division of labor causing an agency problem. Conflicts between managers and shareholders may relate to the profits of the company and the rate at which they would be paid as dividends in relation to the investment capital to be retained. All shareholders are investment goons to own a certain amount of any comp anys profits they have shares since its their primary role and if not respected they tend to cause conflicts especially to the managers who are solely responsible for coordinating and controlling the companys outcomes. Other reasons for their conflict may be as a result of social responsibility policies and other companys ethical policies that directly affect the managers and shareholders and may not be in line with their specified interest. As a result of selfish attitudes and inappropriate behaviors by some managers who seek to optimize their personal utility at the cost of the companys shareholders may compromise the best interests of the firm contributing to poor outcomes thus enhancing conflicts with bad relations. These conflicts result to increase in the cost of agency cost of the company to help retain a focus on the main goals and objectives set at the beginning. This involves expenditure cost to restructure the company as desired to help limit any unwanted managerial behav iors by appointing new team members to the board of directors, rearranging the firms industrial components and administration ladder. Secondly, opportunity cost suffered when shareholders impose limitations that greatly affects the company management. This cost can be prevented by reducing conflicts that arise from the organization executives. Also, the theory gives a solution to the numerous conflicts by suggesting that board of directors in the organization practice the role of monitors hired by the shareholders to act over executives. Examine and evaluate critically how these theoretical concepts influence managerial practices in Woolworth Limited in Australia. Institutional theory concept on company surrounding, intellectual and regulative arrangements illustrates that firms are formed on the basis of the taste, norms, and beliefs of the external environment and not necessarily the internal factors (Parnell, 2013). To enhance the beliefs of the social constitution within the firm and not in accordance to what the founders or the owners wish to achieve believing that this will enhance the level of productivity and achievements of the organization. Critically, this is not the case by the companies formed today. They are formed on the basis of the owners wishes, available resources that affect the nature or intensity of the company to be formed. The hiring of members of staff, managers, and board of directors is in accordance with relations, the amount of responsibilities, the interest of the founders and in very minimal cases in accordance to past performances as well as qualifications of the individual. In the case of Woolworth Company, ser vice delivery and company performances are in relation to the set goals and objectives with an aim of retaining its position as one of the largest companies in Australia(Prasad, 2015). Though in action as expected by the customers, the companys retailing liquor services is based on the terms agreed upon by first the top management and the customers dictated rights. The current situation at Woolworth of $1.235 billion loss has been as a result of poor observance of the set goals relating to other external factors. Resource dependency theory concept on the association of a company and resources from external factors as well as the lack of independence functioning is applicable. This is because the society is a diverse content and constitute of different people with different beliefs and values thus influencing the type and level of services to be delivered by any given company (Hill, Schilling, Jones, 2017). People have different knowledge that needs to be provided to different firms to enhance the type of services offered thus there is the interaction between companies to help exchange a series of ideas. Critically, advancing technology has proven otherwise that its not a must that companies rely on each other in order to acquire knowledge (Parnell,2013). This is because all relevant business, managerial and other important ideas have been shared on the internet. Though still important for organizations to depend on each other, it's not as much as it was before since relevant ideas and simplif ied sources of labor can be easily accessed using technology. Woolworth Limited has critically defected from this concept in that extensive resources are acquired and assimilated using technology. Example, fetching of raw materials to form the liquor and other hotel and supermarket products is done online. Picking of orders and delivering services esteemed customers as well is done online hence confirming it challenging to mainly depend on other firms. Though competition has been the main challenge facing the management in the company, it has not been as a result of overdependence of the company but of other poor management factors. Customers are the key resource of the company but that does not mean they dictate the ways in which the company is conducted. Evaluation on this is that a company cannot depend on other firms at a high percentage for it to maximize its productivity. Agency theory concept on conflicting executives to affect the companys performance is real and happening in companies today. Board of directors, shareholders and managers having separate and distinct interest but within the same company is something to be acted upon. The management ability to control and coordinate the firm's activities towards the set goals and objectives has proven challenging as a result of the increased conflicts between top leaders. Shareholders and managers conflicting over the organization's profits and a number of dividends to be shared in relation to investment capital results to the unstable level of coordination since no direct convergence of leaders while making critical decisions of the company (alTlman, 2007). This is a major problem that has been greatly impacting on the firm's performances, efforts to solve it have proven futile as many companies opt to change the management team rather than conforming the one present forgetting even the new team coul d experience the same challenges. These conflicts also result to increased cost that may result to some shareholders defecting from the company with the fear of making both discoverable and undiscoverable losses. Though the conflicts dont just arise at once, the theory puts it like it is an improm2 problem that happens without a procedure that cannot be viewed if the company leaders actively review what happens on a daily basis (Verbeke Merchant, 2012). This is not the case as any serious problem affecting a company must have developed in the cause of time the company has been functioning and only proves the ignorant part of the concerned parties to identify the problem. Woolworth Limited has experienced the same management problem resulting to it making a huge loss in 2016. The management made a piece of disturbing decision to expand on the hardware stores that was a disaster and proved a bed of failure due to poor management and poor incorporation of both staffs and customers. Co nflicts among the executive team who are believed to be the sole directors of the company may have resulted to this poor coordination of activities that could have given a positive result. The company now faces challenges in getting trust from its customers and the countrys fraternity as well, especially the board of directors who are not free to make any critical decision that directly affects the competence of the company without consulting the business experts or analysts relating to that field(Bontis,2002). This is a problem that could be prevented if only the companys top leadership was keen enough to observe that the hardware stores were not performing as they were expected to by both the company executives and other concerned stakeholders. Recommendations to enhance strategic management These are initiatives that provide a framework on which organizations improve their skills of management to help achieve their stipulated goals and objectives. They involve the top management, resources, stakeholders as well as other organizations as discussed above by theoretical concepts. Practices involved in the strategic management of any given company lays a strong foundation on the basis at which the company delivers and therefore needs to evolve with time and technical advancement. Some of these recommendations include; Formulating organizational goals. These are policies intended to motivate the proceedings of the company to help evaluate its performance. An organization's management should formulate its goals and objectives in relation to performances and social interaction between business analysts and experts to help come up with the right policies. Unlike in the concept of institutional theory of strategic management, the policies should not exceedingly favor the social norms of the external factors forgetting the instilled business expectations from the experienced parties. Policies are very important to help monitor and evaluate the organization's developments and should be implemented accordingly as expected. In the normal cases, the people who need to be involved during the policy formulation are the chief executive officers (CEO) and their assisting managers and the main management team, the CEO, in turn, engages with the governing body who as well engages with the other concerned groups h elping to respect and present their ideas. During the process, the CEO and the managers should avoid being caught in the act of ignoring their respective code of conduct as it results to loss of trust within and outside the organization. Long term organizational objectives. Set aims of an organization should be long term to help describe the present and future expectations by the stakeholders. This is important to give ways and measures relevant to staffs and other service providers within the firm to maintain a positive output outcome (Witcher, Chau, 2010). The target group should be clearly defined and their rights and benefits clearly illustrated to help maintain a clear customers outlook with a target figure placed in a way that its not to be assumed. The benefits should not be complex making it easy to understand and with empirical clarification. This is unlike what is explained by the institutional concept on involving the external factors without making them aware of their benefits. Define strategic choices for the organization and with profound alternatives. This is the practice of stating what comes first then the other in the objective list, that is, what is to be achieved first and its clear defined alternatives to help plan for the big goals. Important plans should start the list respectively following the agreements by the top management and in relation to organizations goals and objectives(Moore, 2001). This strategy should not exhaust all available resources since there are others to follow only that they are to lead. Like in the case of Woolworth Company where the hardware exhausted the resources resulting in huge losses, the company should, therefore, generate options on strategies to be followed. By defining strategic choices, an organization can improve its adaptability in relation to environmental changes that can affect its activities and by acquiring alternatives similar to the present approach. Resources evaluation. Organizations should clearly evaluate the available resources to enable the management form objectives that clearly are in line with available resources. This is important to prevent the embarrassments that motivate the resource dependency theory that states organizations have to depend on others to from time to time for resource provision (Dobson, 2004). Critically, it is not must that organization depend on others for resource provision if they evaluate their resources carefully. For the resources in terms of ideas, they can easily access it through advancing technology if they adapt the various modern trends in organizational strategic management. Fostering a collective understanding among leaders of an organization. Conflicts in institutions mainly result from lack of understanding among top leaders about their shared social responsibility and application of set rules and objectives (Prasad, 2015). Possibly, a clear well written down document on how each and every leader is expected to behave should be instilled as one of the companys objectives and signed to act as a law. This would greatly solve the level of conflicts arising from the misunderstandings arising from leaders (Enz,2010). Critically, its unlike of what the agency theory state about conflict and their level of defect in the organization's performance, that in most cases conflicting management results to sacking as one of the major solutions to conflicts between leaders. Creating a better understanding among leaders and clearly defining their roles and the companies program initiatives at higher levels help solve the problem. Adopting new innovations. Organizations that have adopted the new innovations in the business field have low chances of experiencing managerial problems. This is because more people involved with these organizations have adopted the models making it easier to perform their roles as stakeholders. As a result, organizations should adopt the new trends like a use of computers and internet services for transactions. Critically, the external factors though well versed with the business information they can be misleading to organizations and may even result to them making losses. Managerial training. All firms top management teams personnel are expected to be highly trained with the ability to lead, coordinate and control other staffs. To enhance this, the strategic management team should be well versed to help the management understand their roles leading to achievement of organizational goals. Conclusion Strategic management process is very important for every companys welfare. To perform its duties and deliver to the stakeholders as expected as well as rise to its goals and objectives. Theoretical concepts put across views on how well organizational planning and controls takes part and are key to achieving any set goals and objectives. Giving a way to strategize on institutional resources and aligning priorities with an effect to resources as well as the importance of conventional relations with other companies for its growth and eventually develop. Conflicts among leaders of a company are not supported and should be at minimal cases and if any resolved with immediate effects since they are the main controllers of the unit to help achieve set objectives. Endorsements on how to improve organizational strategic management are crucial to giving views on better management strategies and should be supported to help develop the economic field. References Hitt, M. A., Hoskisson, R. E., Ireland, R. D. (2017). Strategic management: Competitiveness globalization. Haberberg, A., Rieple, A. (2007). Strategic management: Theory and application. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Hitt, M. A., Ireland, R. D., Hoskisson, R. E. (2016). Strategic management: Competitiveness globalization Hitt, M. A., Ireland, R. D., Hoskisson, R. E. (2007). Strategic management: Competitiveness and globalization; [concepts and classes]. Mason, Ohio [u.a.: Thomson South-Western. Moore, J. I. (2001). Writers on strategy and strategic management: The theory of strategy and the practice of strategic management at enterprise, corporate, business and functional levels. London: Penguin. Hill, C. W. L., Schilling, M. A., Jones, G. R. (2017). Strategic management: Theory. Bontis, N. (2002). The Strategic Management of Intellectual Capital and Organizational Knowledge: A Collection of Readings. New York: Oxford University Press. Becerra, M. (2009). Theory of the firm for strategic management: Economic value analysis. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Prasad, K. (2015). Strategic management. Place of publication not identified: Prentice-Hall Of India. Verbeke, A., Merchant, H. (2012). Handbook of research on international strategic management. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. Parnell, J. A. (2013). Strategic management: Theory and practice. Kim, W. C., Mauborgne, R. (2015). Blue ocean strategy: How to create uncontested market space and make the competition irrelevant. In Wilkinson, T. J., In Kannan, V. R. (2013). Strategic management in the 21st century. Santa Barbara, Calif: Praeger. Witcher, B. J., Chau, V. S. (2010). Strategic management: Principles and practice. S.l.: Cengage Learning. Dobson, P. (2004). Strategic Management: Issues and Cases. Oxford: John Wiley Sons. Ginter, P. M., Duncan, W. J., Swayne, L. E. (2013). Strategic management of health care organizations. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, Wiley. Enz, C. A. (2010). Hospitality strategic management: Concepts and cases. Hoboken, N.J: John Wiley Sons. alTlman, S. B. (2007). A new generation in international strategic management. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. Bonnafous-Boucher, M., Rendtorff, J. D. (2016). Stakeholder theory: A model for strategic management. Information Resources Management Association. (2017). Organizational culture and behavior: Concepts, methodologies, tools, and applications. Hershey: Information Science Reference. Harrison, J. S., Enz, C. A. (2005). Hospitality strategic management. Hoboken, N.J: John Wiley Sons. Becerra, M. (2009). Theory of the firm for strategic management: Economic value analysis. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Cunningham, J., Harney, B. (2012). Strategy strategists. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Knox, M., Knox, M. (2015). Supermarket monsters: The price of Coles and Woolworths' dominance. Collingwood: Schwartz Publishing Pty, Limited.

Which Of Your Possessions Reveals Most About You And Why Essays (677

Which of your possessions reveals most about you and why? University of Washington "Observe, Watson." An unfamiliar voice caused me to stop dead in my tracks as I was coming back to my table. Surreptitiously glancing through the foliage, I noticed two men pointing at something. Hesitant to announce my presence, I was very perplexed by the fact that the object they were staring at was my backpack! I was studying in the park and walked off to get a drink of water, and when I came back, whom should I find examining my worldly possessions but the great detective and his chronicler! Maybe I should tell him to mind his own business...on the other hand, I would like to see Mr. Sherlock Holmes struggle to find clues to my identity. Meanwhile, Holmes and Watson were engrossed in their usual exercise in deduction, with no feelings of professional integrity to preclude them from viewing the contents of my backpack. "What can you gather from this mundane article, Watson?" Watson dutifully furrowed his brow and attempted to employ his ingenious friend's methods. "Aside from noting its battered appearance and its distorted shape, which, no doubt, results from transporting great weights, I can produce no inferences about its owner. You, I should imagine, feel like you have known him all your life?" "Her, Watson, her. I conclude that the possessor of this book bag is a young lady of a scholarly nature, most likely a teenager, a student of various academic disciplines. Her eyesight is most likely poor, and it seems that she is very erratic, but tries to make up for her shortcomings. She obviously prefers to perform simple tasks in exciting, unusual ways, likes a good discussion, and is not afraid to reveal her opinions. Self-conscious of her mistakes, she likes to straighten them out at the first opportunity, and is well equipped to fight boredom. And this is my perfunctory opinion. Had I met the girl, I would be able to tell you more." Letting out his traditional gasp of awe, Watson exclaimed, "Once again, my dear Holmes, you have outdone yourself! Pray tell me, how do you deduce all this from such scarce clues?" "It is simplicity itself. First of all, note the writing in green puff paint. 'Omnia mea mecum porto'--Latin for "I carry all my possessions with me." A person who chooses to identify him or herself with such a phrase must be prepared to thoroughly explain and discuss it with any curious passersby. Then direct your attention to the contents of this bag. Your "great weights" are textbooks, and their diverse titles demonstrate our young lady's studiousness--Engineering Physics, Calculus, Exploring Language--hence my conclusion that she is diligent in many fields of learning. Other miscellaneous objects have enabled me to evaluate her personality and age. A "Star Wars" key chain, a case for eye glasses, white-out, nail polish--all these tell me that the possessor of this article is a teenager, a girl, with poor eyesight, and the white-out means she spots her own mistakes and tries to rectify them immediately. Having detected only one eating utensil--this pair of chopsticks, I assume tha t the simple process of nutrition has been promoted by this girl to the status of entertainment. The Swiss Army knife, the stapler, the flashlight, the bottle of aspirin all witness that she tries to be prepared for all situations. Interfering with these best of intentions is her forgetfulness--the knife is dull, the stapler is empty, as is the aspirin bottle. Finally, some poetry hastily scrawled on random sheets of paper tells me that she devotes her free time to productive activities." "Holmes, you are indeed a genius. But let's continue our walk." The two carried off their lively conversation elsewhere. Crawling out of the bushes, I resented the infringement of my privacy but also nurtured a vengeful thought: for someone as brilliant as Sherlock Holmes, you would think he'd notice toilet paper trailing behind his shoes.

Oral Reading Expression

Oral Reading Expression Introduction Reading refers to the overall active, cognitive (acting on, reworking, and transforming input to trigger responses), and affective process of constructing meaning from written texts. The ultimate purpose is to derive specific meaning from the written texts. Reading is a learned behavior dependent on mastering a written code based on the alphabetic principle.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Oral Reading Expression specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Special education defines the type of learning process that entails individuals possessing special needs; such needs include hearing impairment, partial and or total blindness, feeblemindedness, and physical disabilities among others. Individuals with special needs face numerous challenges including difficulties in oral expressions in terms of reading. For effective communication to take place between different parties, there must be a mutual understandi ng, being brought about by fluent and easy way of expression of ones feelings, ideas, expectations among other issues, which is acceptable and affirmative among the communicating parties. Oral reading expression is one of the many ways used for communicating ideas, thoughts, and deriving meaning from written materials such as books, magazines, electronic formats (hypertexts) and other forms of written materials available (Braunger and Lewis, 2006). Problem cause of Oral reading Difficulty in oral reading has become a major problem that affects communication, most especially in special education. Both the elderly individuals and those with special needs are faced with this problem. With the elderly, the problem occurs due to loss of clear view and comprehension of written text due to vast age or eye infections. Some individuals are born totally blind, hence needing the use of Braille equipments for text comprehension, others may suffer from short or long sightedness, and this affects the way written text is interpreted. The entire community needs to be aware of the adverse effects that oral expression bears on individuals, and should advocate for appropriate measures to be adopted to ensure that individuals facing such challenges are catered for. This could be done by acquiring Braille reading equipments in schools, providing medical services that treat and protect the eye sight, and promoting overall understanding among individuals facing such challenges.  Braille enables the blind to read and comprehend written text, though it cannot be of much help if the content is in video or motion picture, if the contents are hypertext, this means that there will be extreme difficulty for the victim to easily comprehend. For the minority with eyesight sicknesses, appropriate medical services should be easily availed to such individuals, like provision of corrective eye lenses to correct both long and short sightedness, treatment of eye defects such as Trachoma, Catarac ts and so on. Application of medical services to the community will have an adverse overall effect of helping majority of the individuals facing infections to their eyesights through massive medical campaigns at subsidized and affordable costs held in health centers, churches, and schools.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This will encourage most individuals to get treatment and advice from professionals. In addition, counseling services should be provided to special needs populations, specifically to parents of feebleminded individuals so that they can provide support to the victims while at home and in school. This will ensure the adaptability of a common reading language to be used between the parties, though such a method will not be as effective due to stigmatization, and inferiority complex resulting from the current situation (Danforth, 2009). Special educatio n It is a widely challenged field within the entire education system because of the special needs that arise, and the challenges facing individuals with special needs. Special education caters for individuals with physical and mental unfitness. Such individuals could either be blind (partial or total), physically handicapped, mentally retarded, and some might be faced with traumatic occurrences. Special education requires the availability of both resources in terms of materials, professional skills, and overall support from the community to ensure that those individuals who have special needs, have adequate, sufficient, and efficient access to all the services provided through special education. There should be a workable cooperation between the government, local authorities, and the community to ensure that the individuals’ demands are met in a cost effective manner. The government should ensure equal and equitable distribution of special education professionals within the e ntire region to access and provide quality services. Adequate funds should be allocated to the special education kitty to enable the acquiring of special equipments that meet the demands of special needs, and also their maintenance. Adequate and modern training should be provided to the professionals who handle individuals with special needs in terms of education, this will enable the integration of modern methods that will ensure that the individuals are able to comprehend oral reading and expression. Special needs individuals and parents should be encouraged to come out clear and participate in activities that help individuals to learn, access, and practice oral reading and expression. This will reduce the number of individuals facing such problems, at the same time increasing their ability to comprehend and adapt to the system of reading using any means available at their disposal (Winzer, 1993). In my own situation, the important issues should be to encourage individuals through mass media, churches, concerts, and other available forms advocating for the slogan that â€Å"disability is not inability†, and provide the required resources to the special education sectors. This will reduce stigmatization, and other forms of fear that usually embrace such individuals.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Oral Reading Expression specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Conclusion Oral reading is an interactive process by which expressions from written texts are interpreted to derive meaning, which helps individuals to express their notions and conscience. It is a behavior learned gradually with time. Special education defines and addresses the specificity of individuals who possess special needs that are unique within the entire population, and require professional extensive care to cater for such needs. Such people require consideration from both the professional and the government stakehold ers to enable their needs to be addressed effectively, including the problems of oral reading. References Braunger, J. Lewis, P. J. (2006). Building a knowledge base in reading. NY: International Reading Assoc. Web. Danforth, S. (2009). The incomplete child: an intellectual history of learning disabilities. Broadway: Peter Lang. Web Winzer, A. M. (1993). The history of special education: from isolation to integration. Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press. Web.

Audrey Flack, Pioneer of Photorealism

Audrey Flack, Pioneer of Photorealism Audrey Flack, born May 30, 1931, is an American artist. Her work, primarily painting and sculpture, has placed her at the forefront of pop art and photorealism. Fast Facts: Audrey Flack Full Name:  Audrey L. FlackOccupation: ArtistKnown For: Pioneering the photorealist genre of art, particularly with portrayals of women, everyday objects, and moments in relatively recent history.Born: May 30, 1931 in New York CityNotable Works:  Kennedy Motorcade (1964), Marilyn (Vanitas) (1977), World War II (Vanitas) (1978) Early Life and Education Flack was born in New York City in 1931, in the northern Manhattan neighborhood of Washington Heights. As a teenager, she attended a specialized arts public institution, the High School of Music and Art. Her formal art education began in 1948, when she began her studies at New York’s Cooper Union. Flack remained there until 1951 and was then recruited to Yale, largely thanks to the influence of German-American artist Josef Albers (who was then in charge of Yale’s art department). While at Yale, Flack continued developing her own style while being influenced by her teachers and mentors. In particular, her early work demonstrated an Abstract Expressionist style in the vein of Albers’ work. Flack graduated with her Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in 1952. The following year, she returned to New York and studied art history for a year at New York University’s Institute of Fine Arts. Abstract to Realism At first, Flack’s work in the 1950s was a clear offshoot of her training with abstract expressionists. She also embraced â€Å"kitschiness† in a self-aware, ironic way. However, as time went on, she began to feel that the abstract expressionist style she was utilizing was not achieving what she felt was an important goal: communicating with audiences. Because of this desire to create art that was clearer to viewers, Flack began moving towards realism. Portrait of artist Audrey Flack sits next to a painting of President John F. Kennedy and First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy riding in the back of a limousine on the day he was assassinated.   Nancy R. Schiff / Getty Images She enrolled in the Art Students League (ASL), where she studied anatomy under the tutelage of Robert Beverly Hale, and began finding inspiration in artists from past eras rather than more recent movements. Her work began to be categorized in the â€Å"New Realism† movement, and, eventually, shifted all the way into photorealism, in which an artist attempts to reproduce a photographed image as realistically as possible in a different medium. Flack was one of the first students at the ASL to fully embrace photorealism and use photographs as reference for her work. Photorealism, in many ways, is a sister genre to pop art: depicting ordinary, mundane items, often as still-lifes that imitate the realism of photography as closely as possible. In 1966, Flack became the first photorealist painter to have work in the collection at the Museum of Modern Art.   Increased Influence In some cases, Flack’s work moved past the typical still life paintings and depicted historical events. One of her most famous works is Kennedy Motorcade, November 22, 1963, which, as its title suggests, depicts a scene from the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. Her historical paintings, including her Vanitas works, often featured some kind of socio-political commentary. Her still life paintings often did as well; for instance, her paintings of female-coded items such as makeup and perfume bottles tended to involve some commentary on gender roles and constructs. Portrait of gallery owner Louis Meisel and artist Audrey Flack and her hyper-realist painting of Marilyn Monroe, New York, New York, March 10, 1978. Allan Tannenbaum / Getty Images In the early 1970s, Flack developed a new technique for her paintings. Instead of just using a photograph as a reference, she actually projected it as a slide onto the canvas, then developed an airbrushing technique to create the layers of paint. The 1970s also saw Flack paint her Vanitas series, which depicted everything from jewelry to scenes of WWII concentration camps. By the 1980s, however, Flack had switched her primary medium from painting to sculpture. She is entirely self-taught in sculpture, as opposed to her significant formal training in painting. There are also other significant differences in her sculptural works versus her paintings. For instance, where her paintings focused on ordinary objects or historical scenes, her sculptures tend to depict religious and mythological subjects. For the most part, women are depicted in her sculptures, representing somewhat idealized but imperfect and diverse variations on the female form and femininity itself. Contemporary Work In the 1990s and 2000s, Flack had a fair amount of work commissioned. At one point, she was commissioned to create a statue of Catherine of Braganza, the British queen after whom the New York City borough of Queens was named; the project met with several objections and was never completed. More recently, her statues Recording Angel  and  Colossal Head of Daphne  (both completed between 2006 and 2008) were commissioned by and installed in Nashville, Tennessee. Audrey Flacks Recording Angel statue stands outside the Schermerhorn Symphony Center in Nashville, Tennessee.   Raymond Boyd / Getty Images In more recent years, Flack has returned to her roots. Finding the photorealist movement rather â€Å"restricting,† she shifted back to Baroque influences. She wrote a book in 1986, collecting her thoughts on art and being an artist. Flack has also taught and lectured both in America and abroad. Currently, she is an honorary professor at George Washington University and a visiting professor at the University of Pennsylvania. She is based out of New York, where she splits her time between New York City and Long Island. Sources Blumberg, Naomi and Ida Yalzadeh. â€Å"Audrey Flack: American Painter and Sculptor.† Encyclopaedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Audrey-Flack.Flack, Audrey.  Art Soul: Notes on Creating, New York, Dutton, 1986.Morgan, Robert C. â€Å"Audrey Flack and the Revolution of Still Life Painting.† The Brooklyn Rail, 5 Nov. 2010, https://brooklynrail.org/2010/11/artseen/audrey-flack-and-the-revolution-of-still-life-painting.

Scholarly Article Review Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Scholarly Article Review - Term Paper Example Studies of teacher’s shortages date back to the 1950 when the returning war veteran’s children began to tax the capacities of local schools. In the 1980, studies described both the types and extent of teacher’s shortages with emphasizes on the special education teachers. According to an article by the Robinson (2008), the reason behind the shortage is the high exit rates of the special education teachers. Due to the shortage, alternative licensure programs have come up. For example, army personnel are getting trained for a second career in education and radically intensified summer programs are replacing the four year licensure programs. Although these programs have assisted in placing more special education teachers in the classroom, the quality of both the newly licensed teachers and the teacher’s education programs is questionable. A closely related issue that according to the article by Education Commission of the States (2014) is the current merger of the special education teacher program into the overall education program. This will integrate with the already existence policies of education to fully cater for the students with the special needs to avoid any form of omissions or discrimination in the school curriculums. According to Eiken (2011) accountability of teachers working with special education students is becoming more dangerous and difficult since many of the students have severe problems. Due to the shortage of staff and the crowded classrooms, the students are prone to violent outbursts that frighten and even injure teachers. These impacts and controversies amount to only a small portion of the many issues related to special education. Teacher shortage, school reforms and inclusion are often heard in the news national wide. Although every story has two sides, extra effort is needed from teacher, the government and even the student to ensure that every story has a happy