Single Party States Notes Essay Example for Free

Single Party States Notes Essay Single Party States notes From: Topic 3-Themes and Exams Tips Chapter: â€Å"Origins and advancement of dictator and single gathering states† â€Å"What comprises a tyrant or single-party state? † Country or state to be classed as a dictator or single gathering state: * Only one lawful ideological group A pioneer picked by or from the military after an unrest * Group or pioneer that controls the state despite the fact that there are existing gatherings * Jean Kirkpatrick (US envoy United Nations) when communicated that tyrant state was â€Å"better than† an authoritarian express an opportunity that it would move towards vote based system (p. o. v communicated during the Cold War) Characteristics in like manner tyrant or single-party: * Little-no ability to speak freely * No opportunity of: * Assembly (government must affirm gatherings) * To travel abroad No idependent legal framework * All wellsprings of data blue-penciled * Any thought against the system will be cruelly rebuffed (resistance to them) * â€Å"A pioneer whose prevalence is strengthened by character cult† Not all expresses the offer charactersistcs some are less abusive yet they all offer the severe command over the opportunity of the individuals and utilize various strategies to clutch power. The period of Kings and Emperors finished with WWI twentieth century one of the bloodiest century ever incorporates 2 significant universal wars Left and traditional: Left-wing: Describes the single party, pioneers and expresses that are socialist or communist. Model: Nasser, Stalin, Mao, Castro and Neyerere Right wing: Most fundamentalist pioneers of the twentieth century started their political professions as individuals from communist gatherings. Fundamentalist pioneers and states †traditional Examples: Hitler, Mussoluni and Franco Policies steady of private enterprise as a financial framework, ultra patriot, a few cases they advanced religion as an approach to join the individuals. Traditional ideologies| Left wing ideologies| Facism (in Italy and Nazism-Germany) * Socialist (proposed to request lower classes) * Strongly nationalistic and believed socialism to be a threat| * Widespread belief system (twentieth C) was socialism * â€Å"All individuals are equal† * â€Å"No private property to protect† * Will to bring the perfect state| Socialism: Characteristics: redistribution of riches through tax collection, the state clai ms the significant ventures like coal and steel, the state possesses the â€Å"monopolies†, for example, the water, transportation and correspondences, free instruction and medicinal services for all. This basis got known as ‘welfare state’. (Gov. hould control guarantee the essential standard living for al residents) Stages of socialism: 1) Primitive socialisms: â€Å"No syndication over the methods for production† 2) Feudalism: â€Å"Agricultural-based networks formed into realms and amazing rulers took responsibility for land and the individuals who cultivated it† 3) Capitalism: â€Å"commercial exercises exchanging made goods† 4) Communism: no private properties, individuals contribute with their abilities, taking just what they required. No laws to shield riches and property From States, Governments and Ideologies: The State: * Sovereign state: is free of all others Way in which is administered Constitution: essential laws-set out the force and obligations of numerous foundations and authorities of government * Rule of law * Arbitrary government * Sovereignty * States - 3 sorts: Unitary states, bureaucratic and confederations * Held state †exemplifies the country and speaks to it * Monarchy, republic * Legitimacy, gadget right of rulers (sacred rulers) president (republic state) Government: * â€Å"Those people and establishment of state which practice the force as per the constitution† * Head of the state leader of the administration (PMs) * Executive, bureau Legislativeâ€making laws (unicameral, bicameral) * Separation of forces, presidential arrangement of government, parliamentary arrangement of government Changes of Government By lawful methods: (decisions) greater part framework and relative systemâ€coalition forcibly: resistance, insurgency, temporary government, consti tuent get together, new constitution, and quiet upset Political Ideologies:( structure speculations) Implicit philosophies (publicity planned and so forth) * Conservatism * Liberalism Reformist Ideologies: study of existing society, portray the perfect society would resemble, solutions from the day to day environment to the perfect * Socialism: response to shameful acts of the entrepreneur financial framework (social democrats, syndicalist, progressive communists) Marxism: â€Å"an industrialized society, the regular workers would revolt and assume control over the decision class, and would basically, make a classes society * Anarchism: battle against the request, don’t need any position Incomplete Ideologies: * Racism * Nationalism * Social Darwinism From: Authoritarianism, Fascism and Totalitarianism Authoritarianism,| Fascism| Totalitarianism| * Ruled by danger or dread * â€Å"Black or white† act (in or out) * Outlawed the restriction * Enforce their control by torment, execution, and so forth * Motivated by energy * Resorting peace * Defending nation against the danger of Bolshevism * Leading a recovery of the country * Employed and controlled the media| * Lower white collar class radicalism * Deliberate redirection of the laborers * Radical populist answer for the issue of reestablishing the â€Å"hegemony† of the predominant class| * Subordinate all perspectives od the individual’s life to the authority of the gov. Official belief system * Single mass gathering * Terroristic police control of the populace * Monopoly control of the media * Monopoly control of the arms * Central control of the economyâ€Å"worthless-production of Cold War purposeful publicity intended to integrate the Soviet framework with that of the Nazis† †some historians|

Marketing Mix Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Promoting Mix - Research Paper Example The items are costly. Apple as a brand is viewed as an image for high status and stylish design. So it very well may be said that however being a market head, Apple contends with itself and dispatches better and improved adaptations of its own item. Chapter by chapter list Introduction 4 Marketing Mix 5 Product 5 Price 5 Place 6 Promotion 6 Implementation of Marketing Mix in Apple Inc 6 References 8 Introduction Apple Inc is a US based worldwide association occupied with assembling of computerized gadgets and PC equipment types of gear. The organization was established in the year 1976 by the name of Apple Computers Inc and from that point forward it has developed into a mammoth association with a considerable brand picture. In the year 2007 the organization renamed itself as Apple Inc. The organization is directly recorded on the bourses of the NASDAQ and the New York Stock Exchange. The organization is by and by headed by Tim Cook one of the most powerful business pioneers of the c utting edge world. The organization is known for its developments in innovation and bringing out bleeding edge innovation items that are unrivaled by any of its rivals in the market. Mac Inc was one of the pioneers in the business that structured PCs like mackintosh (Apple, 2011). The strategic vision of the association is to be an inventive market player that makes items that are remarkable, particular and exceptionally creative in the market. The fundamental statement of purpose of the association is an apple at each work area. The organization means to make developments that are basic yet rich and are exceptionally innovation serious. The company’s mission is to give the best quality and inventive items to clients over the globe. The organization intends to be a worldwide innovator in its item class and has in like manner made a worldwide nearness by having a committed nearness in practically all the significant economies of the world. The vision and statements of purpose can be to a great extent connected with its business techniques that included dispatch of items like I-telephones, I-pad’s that are profoundly innovation serious and have pulled in a tremendous consideration from the objective market crowd by temperance of their inventive highlights. Advertising Mix Product Apple Inc has a noteworthy item portfolio included a huge exhibit of imaginative item contributions. Aside from the company’s customary items like Mac the organization likewise makes a scope of different items including iPod’s, iPhone, and iTunes. IPod’s incorporate compact music players that have a smooth plan and profoundly appealing highlights that permits sound just as video documents to be controlled by the client. I-telephone is one more advancement created by the association in the rewarding cell phone fragment. The one of a kind item attempts to amalgamate the energy of a cell phone with inventive highlights like fantastic designs and figuring choices. The magnificent looks make it an appealing alternative for any person. Apple likewise made a raid into the product business with the dispatch of the Apple I tunes. This item is basically a music player that is perfect with the two iPods just as PCs. Notwithstanding this the organization has additionally delivered software’s like I sync, Mobile Me and so forth that are basically in the product fragments. Apple in its latest exercises has propelled the

three things i made recently

three things i made recently the semester just started, but it hardly feels like schools really in session yet. the snows only just turned to rain and weve had two snow days in the last week, which meant lots of indoors time. its kind of nice, really: mario kart in the lounge outside, teasing the hall cats, camping out in the kitchen warmth. everyone raiding the fridges for food. i found a cookie recipe over the weekend thats really working for me (it tastes like autumn), so here it is (mostly based on this betty crocker recipe): INGREDIENTS: 1.5 cups granulated sugar 1.5 cups brown sugar 2 teaspoons vanilla extract 2 eggs 2 cups cinnamon applesauce 4 cups whole wheat flour 2 teaspoons baking soda 1 teaspoon salt 1 package of semisweet chocolate chips INSTRUCTIONS: Preheat oven to 375 degrees F. Mix the sugars, vanilla, eggs, and applesauce in a big bowl until its homogenous and goopy. Itll be pretty runny. Add the baking soda and salt, then mix in the flour as well. Mix until its all the same color and consistency. Itll be pretty thick. Butter or oil a big baking dish (i use this one  because it comes with a nice lid) and pour the entire thing in. Smooth out the batter until its evenly spread out in the dish. Use a knife to draw a pattern on top if youre feeling fancy. Bake until it passes the chopstick test (when you stab it with a chopstick, the chopstick comes out clean), about 45 minutes. Result looks something like this: (shoutout to my mom, who taught me that you can use applesauce instead of butter so you can feel fancy and healthy too) * * * * * * * over IAP i took a class on software-defined radio taught by MIT Lincoln Lab. normal radios work by taking an incoming signal from an antenna and doing a bunch of fancy signal processing using analog electronics. in software-defined radio, that signal processing is done in software instead of hardware, which makes it easier to prototype lots of different radio systems without building an entirely new radio system every time. thats kind of the boring explanation the more interesting part is that it makes it really easy for you to build radio receivers with a car antenna and a little USB stick called an RTL-SDR  (which i think was originally hacked from a television tuner). it costs about $20, and (with the help of some free software like gnuradio), you can have a working FM radio in about an hour. you can look extra hardcore by displaying the frequency signal as it comes in through the antenna. people have also used these to pick up signals from aircraft transponders and track passing airplanes. (in case you ever wondered what FM radio signals look like) * * * * * * * in the theme of communications systems, im also going to show off my final project for 6.111 (introductory digital systems lab) from last semester. my partner and i made a little communication system that exchanges text messages using an off-the-shelf laser. it does some simple error detection and packet acknowledgement too, so if you block the laser with your hand, the system will wait until the laser connection is unblocked and then finish transmitting the message. pretty cool stuff, and i got to implement some of the things i learned in my favorite technical class at MIT, 16.36 (communication systems and networks). along the way we learned a lot about hardware logic, FPGAs, and verilog. turns out that specifying and building a hardware system from scratch is really really hard. it took a lot of scratch work just to figure out the basic architecture: but of course, super satisfying when we finally got it working. check out our video demo: * * * * * * * heres a picture of my desk: ive been listening to these two songs a lot: shelter porter robinson + madeon venus fly grimes + janelle monáe ive been thinking about my social responsibilities as an engineer in the twenty-first century, reflecting on kate crawfords letter to silicon valley (not fiction) and gideon lichfields democracy 3.0 (fiction) i went to a play a few weeks ago at the wellesley repertory theatre  called Emilie: La Marquise Du Châtelet Defends Her Life Tonight. emilie du châtelet was a french physicist and philosopher who is generally credited for fleshing out the idea of kinetic energy in newtonian mechanics. she was also the first woman published by the paris academy (for a paper on the nature of fire), and her translation of newtons principia into french is still the standard french translation used today. ive been working on a new arrangement for my a cappella group. i just finished a book on the history of the apollo missions  (written by an mit professor). i just started reading a compilation of essays about media infrastructures, edited by nicole starosielski and lisa parks (who is one of the new professors in the MIT CMS department). im thinking about these pictures of the internet  as i read. i watched a gorgeous animated film called the secret of kells. i went to ihop with a friend, and to taiwan cafe with some other friends, and a little while before that i celebrated chinese new year with a lot of my friends: (kitchen graciously provided by the brothers of sigep dumpling recipe previously documented here) and the semester just started, and the snows only just turned to rain, and i hear people talking in the lounge outside. Post Tagged #6.111 #a cappella #recipes #Wellesley-MIT Toons

Groups and Teams Essays - 1092 Words

Groups and Teams Groups or teams can evolve into high performing, extremely effective, useful tools in any organization if developed and managed correctly. Demographic characteristics and cultural diversity can impact the behavior of groups or teams in positive and some negative ways. Diversity may impede the initial progress of a group; however, the long range benefit to creating high performing teams is great. An effective group is one that achieves high levels of task performance, member satisfaction, and team viability (Schermerhorn, Hunt Osborne, 2003, p. 2). A team or group is two or more people working together to achieve common goals. Members of a group are usually dependent on each other and have regular†¦show more content†¦The norming stage is about harmony and balance, especially after storming. The performing stage is when the group is finally able to handle complex tasks and achieve goals. Adjourning is the last stage of group development. It occurs after the group has achieved all of its tasks and goals and disbands. Not all groups or teams advance through all of the stages of the cycle to reach the performing stage or adjourning stage. To reach these final stages they must have strong communication and development skills. Highly effective groups have strong management. To achieve and maintain high levels of group effectiveness, any manager or leader must understand the way groups operate as organizational resources (Schermerhorn, Hunt Osborne, 2003, p. 10). Effective groups have clearly defined goals and guidance from management. They are given the resources to complete their tasks and a successful group is rewarded. High performance groups excel at teamwork and attain special performance levels. They have strong core values, a general sense of purpose, performance objectives, and a good mix of skills and creativity. An effective team manager will communicate standards, create a sense of urgency, gather the right skill set and establish clear rules for behavior. They can also share new information frequently, give positive feedback and reward any successes. Homogeneous groups will get along, work well together and can be somewhat effective. However they are limitedShow MoreRelated Groups and Teams Essay1099 Words   |  5 PagesGroups and Teams The forming, storming, norming, performing model of team development was first introduced by Bruce Tuckman in 1965. He argued that these phases are all necessary and inevitable for the team growth, overcoming challenges and tackling problems, finding solutions, planning work and delivering results. Tuckman later added a fifth phase, adjourning, which is referred to by some as the mourning stage, which involves completing the task and breaking up the team. (Wikipedia, 2005)Read MoreSmall Team and Group1154 Words   |  5 PagesSmall Team and Group James Findley III COM/100 January 16, 2012 Keith Butler The company I work for is a telecommunications company called Sprint-Nextel, and we work on countless team projects throughout the year. One example I remember in particular is when a brand new store was set up in our area. This new store set-up included roughly 10 team members whose sole purpose was to plan, create, and design a store that fits the mold of all existing corporate stores. This is a very importantRead MoreGroup and Team Development2760 Words   |  12 PagesThe Customer Services Team handles all inbound calls for the business (1000+ per day) and operates from 08:00 to 20:00 Monday to Saturday. There are fifteen team members two of which are Team Leaders. The Team is further divided into different sub-groups that deal with different business sectors such as Pharma, Telecommunications, e-commerce. The main focus of the team is dealing with customer queries via inbound calls and managing corporate accounts in terms of providing daily reports and updatesRead MoreGroups, Teams, and Conflict1768 Words   |  8 PagesTeam Plan – Riordan Manufacturing Holly Lopez MGT 311 University of Phoenix September 20, 2012 Rocco Natale At Riordan Manufacturing, we are preparing for an exciting new segment of production to meet the needs of the expanding medical technology industry. The news that CardiCare Valve heart valves will be produced in our customs plastic-injection facility in Pontiac, Michigan was released last week. We look forward to developing a long-term relationship with the CardiCare brand. NewRead MoreTeams and Team Processes: Group Dynamics Essay1267 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract Teams are often depicted as a group of people sharing leadership of and working together on a specific project, whereas a group (but not a team) consists of individuals who work independently and are led by a strong, focused individual (Erofeev, Glazer, Ivanitskaya, 2009). In the health care organization, it is important to have a group of people working together as a well a team. Each person individually need to fully understand what his or her role is in a group or team, if not thereRead MoreGroup Dynamics And Work Teams1394 Words   |  6 PagesChapter 10 – Group Dynamics and Work Teams After analyzing Chapter 10, Group Dynamics and Work Teams, the new concept that was taken from it was the model of Group Development. As a professional engineer, I have been a part of multiple teams that were given the task of creative projects. As every project experiences their different problems, ours did the same. The teams were successful in the end, but of course, the journey to those successes were extremely difficult. Through the tough patchesRead MoreSmall Team and Group Paper758 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ Small Team and Group Paper Small Team and Group Paper In today’s society, most tasks and assignment are completed in a team or group setting. A group is typically more than three people who work together to achieve one common goal successfully. The University of Phoenix requires all students to participate in learning teams during each course. I recently attended a course toward my degree called Foundations for University Success, where I participated in aRead MoreSmall Team and Group Paper1305 Words   |  6 Pages Small Team and Group Paper COM100 Small Team and Group Paper â€Å"Together Everyone Achieves More†¦ That’s what TEAM means, so let’s work it out together!† These were my words to my first successful venture into the network marketing and direct sales arena and although I did not have a clue about how I or my team would become a success in this business, we sat down in my overpriced apartment and decided that failure was no longer an option. This paper is focused on the small team experiencesRead MoreThe Difference Between Groups and Teams1157 Words   |  5 PagesThe difference between groups and teams Sheri Anderson University of Phoenix Organizational Behavior and Group Dynamics MGT-307 Dennis Keegan April 02, 2012 Groups and Teams It is many differencesRead MoreGroups and High-Performance Teams1617 Words   |  7 Pageshigh-performing team. Effective leaders are able to assemble a high-performance team with good hierarchical balance, measurable and attainable goals, and appropriate communication expectations across the team. They promptly address conflict resolutions and break down all physical barriers in managing multi-city offices and dispersed employees. By paying close attention to team demographics and diversity, good leaders will establish a solid group foundation which will result in a high-performance team.

The Hunger Games and PTDS Essay - 1930 Words

Have you ever watched a movie and automatically diagnosed a character based on their behavior and thought process? Prior to this program, I could easily watch a movie without thinking too deeply into the issues that a character may have. Recently, I have become very fond of anything that has to do with the Hunger Games. Upon watching the movie and reading the first book, it became apparent that one of the main characters was suffering from Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, commonly known as PTSD. The Hunger Games is an annually televised lottery where a boy and a girl from each district in the nation of Panem, compete in a game of survival called upon by the nations Capitol. Each tribute is forced to fight and kill off other competitors†¦show more content†¦Haymitch was born in the futuristic world on January 1st, 34 ADD. He was born in the 12th district of Panem. The 12th district is located in what was formerly known as the Appalachian Mountains, and is commonly known for their coal industry. I assume that prior towards Haymitch entering the games, he would hunt, sell his catch, and go to school. School and hunting is where Haymitch learned skills that will prove to help him in the games. In addition, he learned how to out smart and think of better solutions on the fly. Haymitch is very strong and handy with a knife. In addition to his strength he is very intelligent. Being that he lived in Panem, no one under the age of 18 was allowed to take on a job, except for the people that live in the Capitol. The Capitol prays on the weak and poor for entertainment. In addition, I think this is another way that the Capitol tries to oppress the people of Panem. Following Haymitch’s winning of the games, his behavior became surly and harsh. He is always drunk and can barely keep his balance in most cases. In social situations he is seen to be sarcastic and unfriendly. He chooses to isolate himself and drink, instead of socializing . Now that he is a victor of the games his occupation is to be a mentor to future tributes. His job is to socialize with sponsors to help the tributes out in the games. This can be very difficult for him considering he would rather drink than socialize

Gender Bias Free Essays

A large amount of early research has been conducted on the biological differences between males and females; however, focus has shifted to environmental and social factors that may influence the gender gap in STEM subjects. The Eccles et al. Value Model, developed in 1983, considers motivational factors related to decisions regarding educational and career choices. We will write a custom essay sample on Gender Bias or any similar topic only for you Order Now Some of these factors include self perceptions, social variables and environmental factors Oacobs 2005, AAIJW 2005). American culture and society may influence how students view themselves, inherently contributing to the gender gap found in the STEM areas. According to the American Association of University Women (AAUW), many studies have confirmed the negative impact that stereotypes have on students (Hill, C. et al. 2010). Gender differences within math and science develop early in adolescence (Sleeker Jacobs, 2004). There are many stereotypes and social stigmas that contribute to the reasons that boys may perform better in STEM fields than girls. One common stereotype the arts. The cultural stereotype may encourage girls to believe that math and science are not intended for them and in turn affect activities and career aspirations (Cvencek et al. , 2011). The Implicit Association Test was developed to â€Å"measure implicit attitudes and beliefs that people are unwilling or unable to report† (Project Implicit, n. d. ). Approximately 70 percent of IAT tests revealed stereotypes associating science with males more than females (Nosek et al. , 2009). Researchers at the University of Washington adapted the IAT to conduct a study on children ages six to ten years old. The test focused on gender identity, math-gender stereotype, and math self-concept. The results showed that by second grade, girls showed a weaker identification with math than boys, confirming the stereotype that math is for boys Cvencek et al. , 2011). Another study utilized the IAT to contrast science and liberal arts, and found that women who associated males with science were least likely to pursue science, and males with similar stereotypes were more likely to pursue science (Smyth, n. d. The study validated the link between stereotyping and self- efficacy. This is evidence that American culture may influence the way children view themselves related to subjects learned in school. Fear of poor performance in the classroom may also contribute to lack of interest in math and science. A study onducted in 2010 by the AAUW, focused on college students with similar math abilities and divided them into two rooms. The first room was advised that men outperform women on the test, while t he second room, was told there was no distinction in performance. How to cite Gender Bias, Papers Gender Bias Free Essays Gender bias is a preference or prejudice toward one gender over the other. Bias can be conscious or unconscious, and may manifest in many ways, both subtle and obvious. In many countries, eliminating gender bias is the basis of many laws, including those that govern workplaces, family courts, and even the voting booth. We will write a custom essay sample on Gender Bias or any similar topic only for you Order Now Despite these efforts, many legal and political scholars argue that total gender parity remains a far off goal, one which many region are not remotely close to reaching. The legality of gender bias is an area of huge contention in regard to pay equity between the sexes. Historically in many countries, men make more money over a career than women, even if they hold the same job. While the disparity has dwindled since the mid-20th century, it still exists in most areas to some degree. Opponents of additional laws increasing protection of women’s equal pay argue that this may be due to women working less over their lives, instead making a choice to remain at home and raise children. Women’s rights activists often cite this argument as part of the overall gender bias of modern society, suggesting that women are financially punished for choosing to rear children, despite the fact that this action is vital to thecontinuance of the state. It is also important to remember when considering gender bias and the law, that not all regions approve or desire gender equality under the law. In some countries, women are not allowed to drive, let alone vote. Studies of some regions have also showed tremendous gender bias in laws, with women being subject to severe penalties, including execution, for crimes such as adultery, whereas for men, adultery may not be considered a crime at all or may have lighter sentencing guides. How to cite Gender Bias, Essay examples

Disclosure Information Asymmetry Continuous -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Disclosure Information Asymmetry Continuous? Answer: Introduction Continuous disclosure regime or requirement of Australian Security Exchange (ASX) has much importance for the companies of Australia. According to this requirement, Australian companies have some specific obligation related to the disclosure of their share related information under the Lasting Rules 3.1 and 3.1A. According to this continuous disclosure requirement of ASX, it the responsibility of the business operations to inform about any specific information to ASX that may have material effect on the share prices of the companies (Hsu, Lindsay and Tutticci 2012). According to ASX, this disclosure obligation is necessary for the Australian companies to increase the integrity as well as efficiency of share market. However, it needs to be mentioned that there has been many questions related with the necessity and effectiveness of continuous disclosure framework of ASX for Australian companies. In order to establish the necessity of continuous disclosure framework for Australian compa nies, it is required to discuss about the importance of continuous disclosure framework. More specifically, it is required to discuss about the benefits that the Australian companies can avail by complying with the standards and principles of continuous disclosure framework. The main objective of this report is to prove the necessity and importance of continuous disclosure regime for the ASX listed companies. Thus, the literature review portion of this report shows the reasons for which it is important to have continuous disclosure regime. Based on the discussion, a conclusion is provided. Literature Review The above discussion states that Australian companies can avail many benefits by complying with the obligation of continuous disclosure requirement. Properly Informed Market: With the help of continuous disclosure framework, business organizations become able to release sufficient amount of information for the investors so that they can make accurate judgement about the share prices (Matolcsy, Tyler and Wells 2012). In this context, it needs to be mentioned that the companies should not release false or misleading information to the investors in order to attract large number of investors towards their companies. Apart from this, continuous disclosure framework makes the companies answer ot the market rumours and speculations that can have material impact on the share prices of the companies (Hermalin and Weisbach 2012). Timely Release of Information: The next major impact of continuous disclosure framework on the Australian companies is the timely release of information (Chapple and Truong 2015). This continuous disclosure obligation states that it is the responsibility of the companies to disclose information that are sensitive and have material effect on the share price as soon as it becomes known to them. However, companies are not required to follow this rule where disclosure can be withheld. Under the same principle, it is the obligation of the Australian companies to disclose the information timely when it is no longer legitimately withheld. Moreover, companies are required to timely answer any kind of marketing rumour or obligation related to price of the shares (Seamer 2014). Equal Access to Information: The framework of continuous disclosure helps all the investors become equally beneficial from equal access to the share related information of the Australian companies (Russell 2015). According to continuous disclosure framework, it is the obligation of the Australian companies to make all the price sensitive information available for all investors equally so that certain investors are not become advantageous or disadvantageous in comparison with others. This aspect helps in saving integrity of share market. In the absence of selective disclosure, ASX has become able to reduce the chances of insider trading related with the materially sensitive share information (Di Lernia 2014). It needs to be mentioned that this particular aspect helps in restoring the confidence of investors and shareholders in ASX. Premature Release: Another major advantage of having continuous disclosure framework is the prevention of premature release of information related to shares (Chang, Hooi and Wee 2014). It needs to be mentioned that the implementation of continuous disclosure framework helps in keeping a balance between the timely disclosures of material information about shares and the premature disclosure of share information that can be contributed to the emergence of false share market. In the absence of continuous disclosure framework, companies try to make a false market for their share and securities. For this reason, business organizations should not be involved in developing environment with the help of false and conflicting information about shares and securities (Chapple, Jubb and Lee 2012). Different Commercial Interests: The implementation of continuous disclosure framework helps in safeguarding the commercial interests of different parties involved in the transactions of share markets. With the help of the continuous disclosure framework, business organizations become able to keep a balance between the timely disclosures of sensitive material information of shares and safeguarding the commercial interest of the shareholders and investors (North 2014). For this reason, it is required for the Australian companies to maintain the confidentiality of share information. In safeguarding the commercial interests of the investors and shareholders, it has become possible to gain the faith of them in share market. For this particular reason, it is necessary for the Australian companies to comply with continuous disclosure framework (Tran 2015). Confidentiality of Information withheld from Disclosure: According to the framework of continuous disclosure, it is required for the Australian companies to maintain the confidentiality of sensitive share information that are being withheld from the shareholders and investors. Business organizations have the authority to spread sensitive information to their advisors and commercial partners; but these commercial partners and advisors do not have the authority to trade in the shares and securities of the company based on this information, as they are not available to the investors. This particular aspect implies that it is on the companies to maintain the confidentiality of the released information to the shareholders and investors (Di Lernia 2014). Enforcement and Remedies: The continuous disclosure framework helps the Australian companies in establishing enforcement provisions and remedies related to the sensitive material information for the shares. The implementation of continuous disclosure framework assists the companies in the establishment of clear and consistent guidance for the disclosure of price sensitive and material share information (Price 2014). More specifically, continuous disclosure framework sets some penalties for different kinds of circumstances related with the disclosure of share information by the Australian companies. In addition, the companies can get effective mechanism for the remedy of inadequate disclosure of sensitive and material share information. This aspect has its importance for the Australia companies in disclosing material and sensitive share information. From the above discussion, it can be seen that continuous disclosure framework has many necessities for the Australian companies. The implementation of continuous disclosure framework helps the business organizations in releasing adequate amount of information for the investors and shareholders so that they can take effective investment decisions (Riaz et al. 2013). Apart from this, it is the duty of the Australian companies to disclose prise sensitive and material information when they obtain them. All these aspects play a major role for the Australian companies to disclose the correct and relevant information in the share market. In addition, it can also be seen that the presence of continuous disclosure framework make the equal distribution of sensitive material information to the investors and shareholders. Thus, it can be observed that the continuous disclosure framework plays an integral part in the reduction of information asymmetry between the Australian companies and investo rs (Di Lernia 2014). Effective and timely disclosure is an effective tool for implementing governance in the companies related to the trading of shares. All these above-discussed aspects indicate that continuous disclosure framework plays an effective part for the Australian companies in disclosing share information that have material impact on the share prices of the companies. Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be observed that continuous disclosure framework has many positive roles to pay in the Australian firms. As per the above discussion, it can be seen that the presence of continuous disclosure framework provides great assistance to the investors in making effective investment decisions by disclosing price sensitive share decisions. On the other hand, timely release of information and equal access of information to the investors are two of the major positive of the implementation of continuous disclosure framework. The above discussion also shows that the implementation of continuous disclosure framework prevents the Australian companies in the release of premature information related to the price of the shares. Another major aspect is to maintain the confidentiality of price sensitive information related to shares. Thus, from the whole discussion, it can be concluded that the implementation of continuous disclosure framework is good for the developmen t of robust and effective equity market in Australia. For all these reasons, there is no place to disagree with the fact that it is necessary for all the Australian companies to have a continuous disclosure framework. References Annualreports.com. (2018).Annual Report 2015-16. [online] Available at: https://www.annualreports.com/HostedData/AnnualReports/PDF/ASX_BAL_2016.pdf [Accessed 16 Jan. 2018]. Chang, M., Hooi, L. and Wee, M., 2014. How does investor relations disclosure affect analysts' forecasts?. Accounting Finance,54(2), pp.365-391. Chapple, E.L., Jubb, C. and Lee, J., 2012. Audit committee effectiveness in a mandatory disclosure environment. InProceedings of the 2012 Accounting and Finance Association of Australia and New Zealand Conference. Accounting and Finance Association of Australia and New Zealand (AFAANZ). 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